1. What's the Use of Race?(2010) https://kyberia.sk/id/7660818/
https://mitpress.mit.edu/sites/default/files/titles/content/9780262514248_sch_0001.pdf
Prvá kapitola. Nedávna štúdia, ktorá v úvode zhŕňa históriu pojmu rasa, a potom ukazuje, ako sa používa v rôznych oblastiach výskumu, ale aj pri vládnutí.

2. Vyhlásenie American Association of Physical Anthropologists : Biological Aspects of Race(1996)
http://www.physanth.org/association/position-statements/biological-aspects-of-race

3. Séria kritických článkov ako odpoveď na článok kritizujúci rasu ako sociálny konštrukt.
http://raceandgenomics.ssrc.org/

4. Audrey Smedley : THE HISTORY OF THE IDEA OF RACE… AND WHY IT MATTERS(2007)
http://www.understandingrace.org/resources/pdf/disease/smedley.pdf

5. ALAN R. TEMPLETON: Human Races: A Genetic and Evolutionary Perspective(1998)
http://www.realfuture.org/GIST/Readings/Templeton(1998).pdf

Race is generally used as a synonym for subspecies, which traditionally is a geographically circumscribed, genetically differentiated population. Sometimes traits show independent patterns of geographical variation such that some combi-
nation will distinguish most populations from all others. To avoid making "race" the equivalent of a local population,minimal thresholds of differentiation are imposed. Human "races" are below the thresholds used in other species, so valid
traditional subspecies do not exist in humans. A "subspecies" can also be defined as a distinct evolutionary lineage within a species. Genetic surveys and the analyses of DN A haplotype trees show that human "races" are not distinct lineages, andthat this is not due to recent admixture; human "races" are not and never were "pure." Instead, human evolution has beenand is characterized by many locally differentiated populations coexisting at any given time, but with sufficient geneticcontact to make all of humanity a single lineage sharing a common evolutionary fate.

6. Audrey Smedley, Brian D. Smedley - Race as Biology Is Fiction, Racism as a Social Problem Is Real (2005)
http://hsmt.history.ox.ac.uk//courses_reading/undergraduate/authority_of_nature/week_8/smedley.pdf

Racialized science seeks to explain human population dif-
ferences in health, intelligence, education, and wealth as
the consequence of immutable, biologically based differ-
ences between “racial” groups. Recent advances in the
sequencing of the human genome and in an understanding
of biological correlates of behavior have fueled racialized
science, despite evidence that racial groups are not genet-
ically discrete, reliably measured, or scientifically mean-
ingful. Yet even these counterarguments often fail to take
into account the origin and history of the idea of race. This
article reviews the origins of the concept of race, placing
the contemporary discussion of racial differences in an
anthropological and historical context.

7. Ashley Montagu - THE CONCEPT OF RACE (1962)
http://www.americanethnography.com/article.php?id=36#.U9i6sON_uSo

In this paper I desire to examine the concepts of race as they are used with reference to man.1 I shall first deal with the use of this term by biologists and anthropologists, and then with its use by the man-on-the-street.

8. Human Genome Project(1990–2003)
http://web.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/minorities.shtml

DNA studies do not indicate that separate classifiable subspecies (races) exist within modern humans. While different genes for physical traits such as skin and hair color can be identified between individuals, no consistent patterns of genes across the human genome exist to distinguish one race from another. There also is no genetic basis for divisions of human ethnicity. People who have lived in the same geographic region for many generations may have some alleles in common, but no allele will be found in all members of one population and in no members of any other.

9. Genetic Similarities Within and Between Human Populations -D. J. Witherspoon, S. Wooding, A. R. Rogers, E. E. Marchani, W. S. Watkins, M. A. Batzer, and L. B. Jorde (2007)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1893020/

The proportion of human genetic variation due to differences between populations is modest, and individuals from different populations can be genetically more similar than individuals from the same population. Yet sufficient genetic data can permit accurate classification of individuals into populations. Both findings can be obtained from the same data set, using the same number of polymorphic loci. This article explains why. Our analysis focuses on the frequency, ω, with which a pair of random individuals from two different populations is genetically more similar than a pair of individuals randomly selected from any single population. We compare ω to the error rates of several classification methods, using data sets that vary in number of loci, average allele frequency, populations sampled, and polymorphism ascertainment strategy. We demonstrate that classification methods achieve higher discriminatory power than ω because of their use of aggregate properties of populations. The number of loci analyzed is the most critical variable: with 100 polymorphisms, accurate classification is possible, but ω remains sizable, even when using populations as distinct as sub-Saharan Africans and Europeans. Phenotypes controlled by a dozen or fewer loci can therefore be expected to show substantial overlap between human populations. This provides empirical justification for caution when using population labels in biomedical settings, with broad implications for personalized medicine, pharmacogenetics, and the meaning of race.

10. Deconstructing the relationship between genetics and race - Michael Bamshad, Stephen Wooding, Benjamin A. Salisbury & J. Claiborne Stephens (2004) http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v5/n8/abs/nrg1401.html


The success of many strategies for finding genetic variants that underlie complex traits depends on how genetic variation is distributed among human populations. This realization has intensified the investigation of genetic differences among groups, which are often defined by commonly used racial labels. Some scientists argue that race is an adequate proxy of ancestry, whereas others claim that race belies how genetic variation is apportioned. Resolving this controversy depends on understanding the complicated relationship between race, ancestry and the demographic history of humans. Recent discoveries are helping us to deconstruct this relationship, and provide better guidance to scientists and policy makers.

11. The scientific fallacy of the human biological concept of race - Gianfranco Bondi, Olga Rickards (2002)
http://www.ces.uc.pt/formacao/materiais_racismo_pos_racismo/fallacy_of_race.pdf

The authors provide detail presentation of the arguments commonly advanced to support the claim that the term "race" does not represent a useful scientific category. Their argument is supported by an extensive bibliography of selected texts.

12. RACE?: Debunking a Scientific Myth - Ian Tattersall, Rob DeSalle (2011)
https://kyberia.sk/id/7660943
http://www.americanscientist.org/bookshelf/pub/race-finished

Science has exposed the myth of race, but as the diverse array of essays in Race and the Genetic Revolution shows, folk conceptions of racial typology are kept alive in various sociopolitical forms, and proponents of various DNA-based technologies continue to use erroneous biological conceptions of race as the rationale for using these technologies. Race is not just a sociocultural construct; it is a technological and commercial artifact that persists today.


13. The Changing Meaning of Race in the Social Sciences - Ronald L. Taylor (2008)
http://www.ct.gov/dph/lib/dph/hisr/pdf/taylor_remarks.pdf

Race is a fundamental organizing principle and source of meaning in Western societies, a constitutive element of our common sense, and is no more likely to disappear than other major forms of human difference such as class, gender, or nationality (see Winant, 1994). Moreover, despite its lack of scientific
merit in the biological sense, race remains salient as a major source of personal and collective identity, a central category of social recognition and self-representation. Thus critics of the concept must come to terms with the lived experiences of those within racial groups “whose life experiences are forged in the life worlds in part constituted by self-understandings that are in large measure “racial” no matter how “scientifically” inadequate--- to quote one social scientist, me (Taylor, 1998)!

14. A SHORT HISTORY OF THE RACE CONCEPT - Michael Yudell
http://www.councilforresponsiblegenetics.org/pageDocuments/K4IQ3T8YCD.pdf

At the dawn of the 21st century, the idea of race—the belief that the peoples of the world can be organized into biologically distinctive groups, each with their own physical, social, and intellectual characteristics—is understood by most natural and social scientists to be an unsound
concept. The way scientists think about race today, after all, is different than it was in the wake of the Civil Rights Movement when some promoted black genetic inferiority as an argument against egalitarian social and economic policy, and certainly different than one or two centuries ago as scientific justifications for slavery and later Jim Crow were articulated. In other words,
race, its scientific meaning seemingly drawn from the visual and genetic cues of human diversity, is an idea with a measurable past, identifiable present, and uncertain future. These changes are influenced by a range of variables including geography, politics, culture, science, and economics.

15. American Anthropological Association Statement on "Race" (1998)
http://www.aaanet.org/stmts/racepp.htm

In the United States both scholars and the general public have been conditioned to viewing human races as natural and separate divisions within the human species based on visible physical differences. With the vast expansion of scientific knowledge in this century, however, it has become clear that human populations are not unambiguous, clearly demarcated, biologically distinct groups. Evidence from the analysis of genetics (e.g., DNA) indicates that most physical variation, about 94%, lies within so-called racial groups. Conventional geographic "racial" groupings differ from one another only in about 6% of their genes. This means that there is greater variation within "racial" groups than between them. In neighboring populations there is much overlapping of genes and their phenotypic (physical) expressions. Throughout history whenever different groups have come into contact, they have interbred. The continued sharing of genetic materials has maintained all of humankind as a single species.

Physical variations in any given trait tend to occur gradually rather than abruptly over geographic areas. And because physical traits are inherited independently of one another, knowing the range of one trait does not predict the presence of others. For example, skin color varies largely from light in the temperate areas in the north to dark in the tropical areas in the south; its intensity is not related to nose shape or hair texture. Dark skin may be associated with frizzy or kinky hair or curly or wavy or straight hair, all of which are found among different indigenous peoples in tropical regions. These facts render any attempt to establish lines of division among biological populations both arbitrary and subjective.

16. Race: Are We So Different - Alan H. Goodman
https://kyberia.sk/id/7660943