lahky uvod do preblematiky
http://ksicht.natur.cuni.cz/serialy/nanocastice/1

Understanding the Structure and Dynamics of Bacterial Flagella





34 min. video/36 MB

Molecular Devices and Machines – A Journey into the Nano World
V. Balzani, A. Credi, M. Venturi

Discoveries consist in seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought
A. Szent-Gyorgyi

Slovenský preklad Drexlerovho Engines of Creation

you say you want The Seed
ok. but first, answer this:

for whom? for what?

(do not seek for the Stone. it will come of itself)

K. Eric Drexler's Engines of Creation is an enormously
original book about the consequences of new technologies.
It is ambitious and imaginative and, best of all, the
thinking is technically sound.
But how can anyone predict where science and technology
will take us? Although many scientists and technologists
have tried to do this, isn't it curious that the most
successful attempts were those of science fiction writers
like Jules Verne and H. G. Wells, Frederik Pohl, Robert
Heinlein, Isaac Asimov, and Arthur C. Clarke? Granted,
some of those writers knew a great deal about the science
of their times. But perhaps the strongest source of their
success was that they were equally concerned with the
pressures and choices they imagined emerging from their
societies. For, as Clarke himself has emphasized, it is
virtually impossible to predict the details of future
technologies for more than perhaps half a century ahead.
For one thing, it is virtually impossible to predict in
detail which alternatives will become technically
feasible over any longer interval of time. Why? Simply
because if one could see ahead that clearly, one could
probably accomplish those things in much less time -
given the will to do so. A second problem is that it is
equally hard to guess the character of the social changes
likely to intervene. Given such uncertainty, looking
ahead is like building a very tall and slender tower of
reasoning. And we all know that such constructions are
untrustworthy.
How could one build a sounder case? First, the
foundations must be very firm - and Drexler has built on
the soundest areas of present-day technical knowledge.
Next, one must support each important conclusion step in
several different ways, before one starts the next. This
is because no single reason can be robust enough to stand
before so many unknowns. Accordingly, Drexler gives us
multiple supports for each important argument. Finally,
it is never entirely safe to trust one's own judgments in
such matters, since all of us have wishes and fears which
bias how we think - without our knowing it. But, unlike
most iconoclasts, Drexler has for many years courageously
and openly exposed these ideas to both the most
conservative skeptics and the most wishful-thinking
dreamers among serious scientific communities like the
one around MIT. He has always listened carefully to what
the others said, and sometimes changed his views
accordingly.
Engines of Creation begins with the insight that what we
can do depends on what we can build. This leads to a
careful analysis of possible ways to stack atoms. Then
Drexler asks, "What could we build with those atomstacking
mechanisms?" For one thing, we could manufacture
assembly machines much smaller even than living cells,
and make materials stronger and lighter than any
available today. Hence, better spacecraft. Hence, tiny
devices that can travel along capillaries to enter and
repair living cells. Hence, the ability to heal disease,
reverse the ravages of age, or make our bodies speedier
or stronger than before. And we could make machines down
to the size of viruses, machines that would work at
speeds which none of us can yet appreciate. And then,
once we learned how to do it, we would have the option of
assembling these myriads of tiny parts into intelligent
machines, perhaps based on the use of trillions of
nanoscopic parallel-processing devices which make
descriptions, compare them to recorded patterns, and then
exploit the memories of all their previous experiments.
Thus those new technologies could change not merely the
materials and means we use to shape our physical
environment, but also the activities we would then be
able to pursue inside whichever kind of world we make.
Now, if we return to Arthur C. Clarke's problem of
predicting more than fifty years ahead, we see that the
topics Drexler treats make this seem almost moot. For
once that atom-stacking process starts, then "only fifty
years" could bring more change than all that had come
about since near-medieval times. For, it seems to me, in
spite of all we hear about modern technological
revolutions, they really haven't made such large
differences in our lives over the past half century. Did
television really change our world? Surely less than
radio did, and even less than the telephone did. What
about airplanes? They merely reduced travel times from
days to hours - whereas the railroad and automobile had
already made a larger change by shortening those travel
times from weeks to days! But Engines of Creation sets us
on the threshold of genuinely significant changes;
nanotechnology could have more effect on our material
existence than those last two great inventions in that
domain - the replacement of sticks and stones by metals
and cements and the harnessing of electricity. Similarly,
we can compare the possible effects of artificial
intelligence on how we think - and on how we might come
to think about ourselves - with only two earlier
inventions: those of language and of writing.
We'll soon have to face some of these prospects and
options. How should we proceed to deal with them? Engines
of Creation explains how these new alternatives could be
directed toward many of our most vital human concerns:
toward wealth or poverty, health or sickness, peace or
war. And Drexler offers no mere neutral catalog of
possibilities, but a multitude of ideas and proposals for
how one might start to evaluate them. Engines of Creation
is the best attempt so far to prepare us to think of what
we might become, should we persist in making new
technologies.

MARVIN MINSKY
Donner Professor of Science
Massachusetts Institute of Technology

CMOS-like logic in defective, nanoscale
crossbars
Greg Snider, Philip Kuekes and R Stanley Williams

We present an approach to building defect-tolerant, nanoscale compute
fabrics out of assemblies of defective crossbars of configurable FETs and
switches. The simplest structure, the complementary/symmetry array, can
implement AND-OR-INVERT functions, which are powerful enough to
implement general computation. These arrays can be combined to create
logic blocks capable of implementing sum-of-product functions, and still
larger computations, such as state machines, can be obtained by adding
additional routing blocks. We demonstrate the defect tolerance of such
structures through experimental studies of the compilation of a small
microprocessor onto a crossbar fabric with varying defect rates and compiler
mapping parameters.

What is nanoML?
nanoML is a markup language for the description and interchange of nanodevice and nanosystem designs.

Why is nanoML important?
As nanotechnology begins to move from research labs onto the engineer's desk, there is a need to capture the essential elements of nanodevice designs so that they can be readily communicated, stored and exploited by engineering software tools.

What is a nanodevice/nanosystem?
A nanodevice may be thought of as a man-made macromolecule with a purpose and can range from a relatively simple contruct, like a nanotube, to an extremely complex "nanobot" capable of performing any number of tasks. A nanosystem is an integrated system of nanodevices.

dedicated forum nanotekk

flush, grep, rotate, release - ths r th bsc nstrctns 4 grl

A zkratka, je-li na svete Dilo , jez nemuze byt tak dobre ukonceno nikym jinym nez tim, kdo je zacal, je to dilo toto, na nemz pracuji.

R. Descartes, 23 rokov

foresight institute
nanodot portal
kyberia nanotech section

Slovicko nanotechnologie budete s postupom casu pocut castejsie a castejsie. V pripade ze sa nanotech stane skutocnostou (miliardy dolarov a stale komplexnejsie a komplexnejsie struktury budovane v hi-tech laboratoriach na celom svete tomu davaju za pravdu) tak nas v tomto storoci caka technologicka revolucia ktora mnohonasobne predci vsetko co clovek kedy vytvoril. Vsetko co zakony fyziky umoznuju sa stane skutocnym, ci uz je to nesmrtelnost alebo transformacia celej planety na bravcovu zmrzlinu do 24 hodin.:::

Zakladne koncepty nanotekku (urobte si z hovna banan rychlo a lacno)



nano - predpona znamenajuca jednu miliardtinu (desat na minus deviatu)


assembler - molekularny stroj ktory moze byt naprogramovany tak ze dokaze vytvorit lubovolnu molekularnu strukturu, teda aj kopiu seba sameho


nanarchia - anarchia dosiahnuta prostriedkami nanotechu


replikator - system ktory dokaze urobit kopiu seba sameho

Cele to zacal ten osvieteny hrac na bonga, Richard Feynmann , v roku 1959 na Princetonskej univerzite ked sa v svojej prednaske spytal svojho cteneeeeeeho publika "Preco nemozme zapisat vsetkych 24 zvazkov Encyklopedie Britannica na spendlikovu hlavicku?" Potom nic. Potom Bucky Fuller so svojou C60kou - kruhovou molekulou zlozenou iba z atomov uhlika, pevnejsou ako diamant, mila roztomila molekulka. Potom dlho dlho nic. A potom jeden z tych ujetych extropianov Drexler vydal Engines of Creation.



Stroje. Masinky. Male masinky. Stroje tvorenia.

Skladame sa z buniek. Bunky sa skladaju z molekul. Molekuly sa skladaju z atomov. Vsetko okolo nas sa sklada z fundamentalne rovnakych zloziek, a zalezi len od ich usporiadania do vacsich celkov - molekul - ake maju vlastnosti. Pri vsetkej ucte k tebe, drahy citatel, niesi nic ine iba kravske lajno usporiadane mnozstvom chemickych procesov do celku ktory ty tak hrdo nazyvas "ja".

V kazdej nasej bunke prebieha pocas celeho nasho zivota neuveritelny proces - DNA z jadra posle informaciu o tom co sa ma postavit, tato informacia (mRNA) sa napoji na bunkovu organelu ribozom a podla toho ako su v nej zoradene 4 zluceniny (A,G,C,U) ribozom pospaja jednotlive aminokyseliny ktore mu prinesie jeho pomocnicka tRNA do vyslednej bielkoviny. A co s tou bielkovinou? Nuz hocico. Moze sa stat stavebnou sucastou bunky, moze vytvorit komplex s inymi bielkovinami a vyvrazdit vsetky virusy v organizme alebo moze DNA v jadre prinutit nech posle informaciu o tom co sa ma zacat stavat. A tak stale dokola, toc kolecko dokola.


To je zivot. Prekrasny, strasny, expanzivny, konstruktivny, destruktivny. Zivot.Nanotech.

Dost bolo mikrobiologie, ten kto vie, vie, a ten kto nevie sa z jedneho bravcoveho paragrafu aj tak nic nedoz.vie. Co som chcel vsak hornym paragrafom naznacit je, ze vsade v prirode existuju myriady molekularnych strojov nazyvanych ribozomy ktore vam na zaklade informacii ktore im dodate postavia chemicku zluceninu ktora vam moze poskladat inu chemicku zluceninu ktora sa moze napr. stat sucastou dalsieho ribozomu.

Hackworth vedel ze kazda molekula vzduchu ktora spinkajuca Fiona vdychla do svojich pluc bude vyuzita jej telom na stavbu pokozky, kosti, vlaskov. Vzduch sa staval Fionou, a dozadoval sa, nie, zasluzil si lasku. Usporiadanie hmoty, to je Zivot sam, ci uz to bol sliz sebereplikujucich molekul v prvotnom oceane, parou pohanany mlyn meniaci klasy v saty, alebo Fiona, spiaca v jej koliske, meniaca vzduch na Fionu.

N.Stephenson, Diamantovy Vek

A tak Drexlexra napadlo, co keby sme dokazali vytvorit molekularnu masinku (assembler) ktorej by sme dodali jednotlive zakladne chemicke prvky resp. zluceniny a informacie co nam ma postavit a ona by nam to postavila, to vsetko na molekularnej urovni.



Exponenciela je flandra

Mozete namietnut ze jednemu malemu nanorobotovi by trvalo desiatky rokov kym by stihol stvorit nieco viditelne aj v nasom makroskopickom svete. Kedze vsak assembler dokaze postavit vsetko co je z fyzikalneho a chemickeho hladiska zostrojitelne, dokaze vytvorit aj svoju kopiu. Zrazu mame assemblery dva, potom styri, osem, sestnast. atd. tu staru sachisticku prihodu urcite poznate.

Mozno sa to zda vela, ocakavat od assembleru ze uchopi molekulu, presunie ju a ulozi na spravne miesto v jednej miliontine sekundy. Ale male objekty sa vedia hybat tam a spat velmie rychlo. Ludska ruka vie za sekundu urobit niekolko pohybov hore a dole, prsty tukaju na klavesnicu este rychlejsie, mucha hybe kridlami tak rychlo ze ich pocuejte bzucat, a zvuk komarovych kridel vas castokrat privadza k sialenstvu. Hmyz dokaze kridlami hybat tisic krat rychlejsie ako clovek rukami prave preto ze kridla su tisic krat mensie ako ruka. Ramena assembleru budu asi 50 milion krat mensie ako ludska ruka a preto budu schopne hybat sa tam a spat 50 milion krat rychlejsie. Assembler ktoreho rameno urobi milion pohybov za sekundu sa bude dat prirovnat k ruke co sa pohne raz za minutu. Nanobot ktory dokaze urobit kopiu sameho seba bude pravdepodobne obsahovat niekolko ramien zlozenych z priblizne miliona atomov. Dalsie casti - citacky polymerovych pasok, chemicke procesory atd. - budu pravdepodobne tak komplikovane ako samotny assembler. Flexibilny replikator bude pravdepodobne taktiez obsahovat aj jednoduchy pocitac, tento prida dalsich priblizne 100 milionov atomov. Spolu budu tieto vsetky casti obsahovat priblizne 150 milionov atomov, nechajme vsak priestor aj pre zly odhad takze predpokladajme ze sa budu skladat z miliardy atomov. V pripade ze bude pracovat rychlostou milion atomov za sekundu , system skopiruje sam seba za tisic sekund - priblizne 15 minut - co je napr. cas ktory potrebuje bakteria na replikaciu za dobrych podmienok. Kazda kopia bude robit dalsie kopie. Prvy replikator urobi kopiu sameho seba za tisic sekund, tieto dva potom urobia dalsie dve kopie za dalsich tisic sekund, styri urobia dalsie styri, osem dalsich osem. Po 10 hodinach dostaneme 68 miliard replikatorov. Za menej ako den uz budu vazit priblizne jednu tonu, za dva dni prevazia hmotnost Zeme, za dalsie 4 hodiny budu vazit viac ako slnko a vsetky planety sustavy dokopy - samozrejme len v pripade ze sa zdroj chemikalii neminie.

E. Drexler, Stroje tvorenia

Nevyhnutnou podmienkou pre pracu assemblerov bude vakum. Ine prostredie je proste pre atomicky preciznu pracu nanobotov prilis chaoticke a neusporiadane. Aj vakum samotne je vsak plne kvantovo neurcitych javov, vibracii a rezonancii ktore su jednym zo zasadnych argumentov odporcov nanotechu.

Skepticizmus je urcite na mieste ale priroda nam v kazdom momente ukazuje ze nanotech naozaj funguje. Zakladom vsetkych organickych zlucenin je stvorvazbovy uhlik, nanotechom by sme mohli tuto barieru obist a zacat vytvarat netusene nove latky zalozene na baze napr. takisto stvorvazboveho kremiku. V pripade dostatku energie a stavebnych prvkov by sme mohli vytvorit lubovolnu zluceninu ktoru dovoluju rovnice kvantovej chemie. Z hovna dostanete banan. Z olovnatych vyfukovych plynov vam vas prenosny kompilator hmoty vytvori olovenu tyc s ktorou rozflakate papulu prekvapenemu skinovi.


Je libo raketovy motor?

Predstavte si obrovsku nadrz z ocele a sklenenym oknom pre pozorovatelov, tak velku aby sa nam do nej zmestil vysledny raketovy motor. Tato nadrz je napojena pomocou trubiek a pump na ostatne zariadenia a chladice takym sposobom aby operatorovi umoznovala cirkulaciu rozlicnych kvapalin v nadrzi. Na zaciatku procesu operator otvori vrchnu cast nadrze do ktorej vlozi zakladnu platnu na ktoru sa bude motor stavat. Nasledne nato sa cela nadrz vzduchotesne uzavrie. Po stlaceni spinaca sa cela miestnost naplni hustou, mliecnou tekutinou ktora najrpv zaplavi samotnu zakladnu platnu a potom aj okno. Tato tekutina pochadza z druhej nadrze kde "vyrastli" replikovatelne assemblery a tie boli nasledne preprogramovane novou instrukcnou paskou (nieco podobne ako infekcia bakterie virusom). Tieto nove systemy su mensie ako bakteria, triestia svetlo a vdaka nim vyzera tekutina mliecne. Uprostred zakladnej platne, hlboko v mrviacej sa assemblerovej kvapaline sa nachadza "jadro". Obsahuje nanopocitac s ulozenymi planmi raketoveho motoru a povrch ma upraveny tak aby sa na neho mohli napojit jednotlive assemblery. Ked sa nan assembler pripoji, pocitac z "jadra" odosle instrukcie do pocitaca v assembleri. Pomocou tychto instrukcii assembler zisti, kde sa nachadza vzhladom k "jadru" a nasledne nato mu prikazu aby roztiahol svoje manipulacne ramena a uchopil dalsie assemblery. Tieto sa zapoja a su preprogramovane rovnakym sposobom. Posluchajuc tieto instrukcie z "jadra" (ktore sa sierie cez expandujucu siet komunikujucich assemblerov) nam postupne z chaotickej tekutiny vznikne ako assemblerovy kristal. Kedze kazdy assembler vie, kde sa nachadza v celkovom plane, uchopi dalsie assemblery iba vtedy ked je to potrebne. Preto vznikne vzor menej pravidelny a ovela komplexnejsi ako u prirodnych krystalov. V priebehu niekolkych hodin tato struktura vyrastie do konecneho tvaru raketoveho motora. Potom na scenu znova nastupia nadrzove pumpy a nahradia mliecnu tekutinu nezapojenych assemblerov cistou zmesou organickych rozpustadiel a nerozpustenych zloziek - vcetne hlinikovych zloziek, zloziek bohatych na kyslik, a zloziek sluziacich ako palivo pre assemblery. Ako mliecna tekutina zmizne, uvidite v nadrzi nieco pripominajuce model raketoveho motoru vyrity z priesvitneho bieleho plastu. Dalej, sprava siriaca sa z jadra da povel niektorym assemblerom aby pustili ich susedov a stiahli svoje ramena. Ztecu dole v pramienkoch bielej tekutiny a zanechaju tak zvysnym assemblerom dostatok miesta na pracu. Tvar motora sa stane skoro priesvitnym. Ajked je kazdy zvysny assembler stale spojeny s jeho susedmi, je obklopeny jemnymi kanalikmi naplnenymi tekutinou. Specialne ramena na assembleroch funguju ako bunkove biciky, posuvaju tekutinu dalej tak aby cirkulovala cez kanaliky. Tieto pohyby,ako vsetky ostatne pohyby vykonavane assemblermi su pohanane molekularnymi motormi ktore vyuzivaju molekuly v tekutine ako paivo. Tak ako rozpusteny cukor pohana zive organizmy, tieto chemikalie pohanaju assemblery. Ako tato tekutina vyteka, odobera so sebou aj nadbytocne teplo. Komunikacna siet rozosiela instrukcie kazdemu assembleru. Assemblery su teraz pripravene na zaciatok konstrukcie. Maju vybudovat raketovy motor skladajuci sa najma z pump a trubiek. To znamena postavit silne, lahke struktury zvlastnych tvarov, niektore schopne vydrzat extremne teplo, ine schopne niest chladiacu tekutinu. Tam kde je potrebna velka sila, assemblery postavaju uhlikove vlakna v jeho diamantovej forme. Tam kde je potrebna vysoka odolnost voci teplu a korozii, postavaju podobne struktury oxidu hliniteho v jeho zafirovej forme. V miestach ktore budu malo namahave assemblery usetria na hmotnosti a vytvoria vacsia medzery. V miestach ktore budu naopak namahane velmi, assemblery zosilnia strukturu az pokym zvysne priestory nebudu ani assemblerom samotnym dovolovat pohyb. V inych miestach assemblery vyuziju ine materialy a zostroja tak senzory, pocitace, motory a bohvie co este. Ku konci ich prace vybuduju steny medzi jednotlivymi priestormi, tak ze sa vytvoria skoro uzavrete bunky, potom sa odpoja a odsaju tekutinu ktora este zostala vnutri. Zmiznu v pramienkoch cirkulujucej tekutiny. Uzaver sa otvori a vysledny motor nechame vysusit. Jeho vyroba trvala menej ako den a nevyzadovala skoro ziadnu ludsku pozornost.

E.Drexler, Stroje Tvorenia

Nanotech=magia.

Je treba ratat so vsetkym - ozivovanie mrtvych, uploading ludskeho vedomia, fuzie dusi a hromadne sebevrazdy studentov ekonomie, sociologie a prava - budu v svete bez materialneho nedostatku ale s Damoklovym mecom destrukcie visiacim nad celou planetou len pomyselnou

ceresnickou

na

DORDE.


Ale o tom az v dalsom clanku.